Detection of Mitragynine in Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom) Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Handheld Devices

A simple, quick, selective, sensitive, and effective field-friendly method capable of being used by nonexperts has been developed for detecting mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Over 100 samples and blanks (known to be either positive or negative for the presence of mitragynine) were examined in duplicate using five identical handheld Raman spectrometers, which provided a data set of over 1,000 examinations. Based on the results of these analyses, the method yielded a true-positive rate of 99.3%, a true-negative rate of 97.9%, a false-positive rate of 2.1%, and a false-negative rate of 0.7%. The average minimum detectable concentration (C_m) of mitragynine that reproducibly yielded a match for one of the library spectra on all five instruments was determined to be 342 ng/mL (ppb). This C_m value is a conservative estimate considering that the extraction process was not fully optimized by this study, which was not necessary since the C_m value achieved was well below typical mitragynine concentrations in kratom (1.3–2.3%). The method is ideal (i) for prioritizing samples for additional testing using other more time-consuming laboratory-based techniques needed to detect and quantify mitragynine and (ii) for field use at international mail facility (IMF) satellite laboratories to help interdict kratom and prevent this dangerous product from reaching the U.S. supply chain.     

也谈南海断续线的法律性质

南海断续线的法律性质对于澄清南海问题的实质及问题的解决具有重要意义。综合各种因素考虑,其作为岛屿(礁)归属线的性质可以确证,而海上国界线、历史性水域线及历史性权利线等表述均存在瑕疵,为巩固我国对线内水域的权利主张,除岛屿(礁)归属线外,将其同时界定为可管辖水域线较为可取。     

德国反洗钱刑事立法述评与启示

为了遏制和打击洗钱活动，德国通过在刑法典中新增洗钱罪和多次的修订，将洗钱行为犯罪化，逐步建立起反洗钱和恐怖融资的刑事法律体系，并在一定程度上具有自己的独特之处。在国际社会共同打击洗钱活动和我国面临严峻洗钱形势的背景下，有必要介绍德国反洗钱刑事立法的成功经验，这对于完善我国的反洗钱法律制度具有借鉴意义。     

What/who is still missing in International Relations scholarship? Situating Africa as an agent in IR theorising

This paper engages with non-Western, specifically African, scholarship and insight with the goal of highlighting the importance of African contributions to IR theorising. We highlight the Western dominance in IR theorising and examine the inadequacy of the major analytical constructs provided by established IR theory in capturing and explaining shifting reality in Africa. We argue that African insights, experience and ideas present a challenge to dominant IR constructs and knowledge within the international system, and that these insights, when taken seriously, would enrich our understanding of IR. We show this by problematising some central (often taken-for-granted) IR concepts such as the state, liberalism and individualism and underscore the need to reconstruct more encompassing ‘stories’ and images to innovate, revise and potentially replace some of the conventional ‘stories’ that have been told in IR.     

司法实践中能否认定自首的几种情形

在新修订的刑法修正案（八）中对自首条文新增加一款规定,将如实供述（习惯上称之为＂坦白＂,笔者在下文中也暂且将刑法修正案（八）新增的67条3款简称为＂坦白＂）可以从轻处罚的酌定量刑情节上升为法定从轻情节,足见我国刑事立法对自首或者如实供述的犯罪嫌疑人所秉持的是宽缓的态度。然而对于该条款的准确适用,则是检察机关特别是基层检察机关在办案过程中亟需解决的问题,本文从司法实践的角度对几种能否认定自首的情形进行逐一的分析和探讨,以期对当前和今后的司法实践起到一定的促进作用。     

网络服务提供者“知道”认定新诠——兼驳网络服务提供者“应知”论

我国目前立法规定和司法实践全面承认了"应知"可用于认定网络服务提供者主观知道,但学界在这一问题上却分歧很大。这一现象的产生源于对网络服务提供者提出的应知要求与其不负审查义务的共识相冲突。主张网络服务提供者应知既难以在理论上得以证成,也是对相关规定的误读。通过借助诉讼法中的推定规则,可有效证成网络服务提供者主观知道,从而实现了从起点客观事实不明到终点网络服务提供者承担侵权责任间逻辑脉络的贯通。依循这一逻辑路径,我国目前的相关立法、司法和未来学界的研究重点等都需作出相应的调整。     

自制海洛因标准品在常用有机溶剂中稳定性研究

目的 研发海洛因标准品及优化分析方法,以对云南缴获海洛因样本提纯制备成的自制海洛因对照品在常用有机溶剂中的稳定性进一步研究.方法 采用内标及GC、GC/MS方法,通过对提纯制备的海洛因在5种有机溶剂中冷藏保存后含量的变化,观察海洛因在常用有机溶剂中的稳定性.结果 乙醇、三氯甲烷及乙腈为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,保存30天时间范围内海洛因含量未发生明显变化;以丙酮作为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,在7至30天时间范围内,海洛因含量明显升高;以甲醇作为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,在0小时至30天时间范围内,海洛因含量一直呈明显的下降趋势.结论 乙醇、三氯甲烷及乙腈可以作为海洛因样品储备液溶剂使用,丙酮、甲醇不适合作为海洛因样品储备液溶剂使用.     

西盟佤族传统纠纷解决及其法社会学解读

民主改革前的西盟佤族社会因其封闭性和原始性而被称为＂初民社会活化石＂。以纠纷解决为着眼点,充分运用田野调查获得的第一手资料,全景式地展现西盟佤族传统社会调控内外秩序的八种类型是具有时代意义的工作。在此基础上,从法社会学的视角深入剖析西盟佤族传统纠纷解决的制度设计、运作机理、社会支撑和文化密码,以期在相互联系的社会统一体的运行过程中对西盟佤族传统纠纷解决有更为明晰的认知。     

增设危险驾驶机动车罪必要性论证

对于我国《刑法修正案（八）》增设危险驾驶机动车罪,学者观点不一。犯罪圈的划定有其特定的标准：即行为的严重社会危害性及现行立法规制力的不足。以此为标准,则完全有必要将危险驾驶机动车行为纳入刑事法律的评价视域。